The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (Campese, Greiber, and Oviedo), Center for International Forestry Research (Sunderland)

This document examines the links between the realisation of human rights and the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity. From the Foreword: "[E]xperience has demonstrated that exclusionary approaches to conservation can undermine ...[economic, social and cultural rights, such as the rights to health, an adequate standard of living, freedom from hunger and cultural freedom] of affected communities... and can undermine conservation objectives." This document presents rights-based approaches (RBAs) to conservation as positive ways forward, while examining the range of new challenges and questions raised.

Questions include how to define RBAs in practical terms and how to determine what they mean for conservation policy and implementation. The experiences described in this volume intend to demonstrate that there is no one recipe for RBAs. Each case study presents legal, policy, programming, or advocacy strategies with the intention that local people, government, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and others can use to better understand their rights and responsibilities.

The papers in this volume also illustrate that engaging with rights means engaging with the social dimensions of conservation. RBAs challenge the conservation community to move beyond its traditional boundaries and engage in new partnerships.

Case studies examined include:

1. fulfilling rights and responsibilities in coastal resource management in Colombia.
2. enhancing rights and local -level accountability in water management in the Middle East: conceptual framework and case studies from Palestine and Jordan.
3. conserving protected areas, forest buffer zones, and landscapes of Australia through the native title law.
4. designing and implementing RBAs in an alliance of a Bolivian indigenous organisation and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).
5. studying where conservation and community coincide: a human rights approach to conservation and development in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa.
6. seeking respect for a Sherpa community-conserved area in the Mount Everest region of Nepal.
7. integrating gender equality and equity in access and benefit-sharing governance through a rights-based approach.
8. reviewing potential Reduced Emissions through Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) effects on forest-dependent communities and indigenous peoples in the context of recent United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) decisions.

The final chapters review the scope and scale of operations of RBAs, and what rights they address (including citing specific international, national, and local institutions and instruments - page 315 of the document).

"The cases address a mix of procedural rights, including participation, information and access to justice, and substantive rights including:

• access to and use of water, forest, coastal and other resources;
• access to services and an adequate standard of living, including food and housing;
• equity, including gender equity and freedom from discrimination;
• property and land tenure;
• culture, including the continuation of customary institutions;
• self-determination; and
• a healthy and safe environment."

The authors suggest that using RBAs can, among other things:

• "create a stronger foundation for addressing human wellbeing considerations by recognising that doing so is a matter of duty or responsibility;
• establish a stronger foundation for acceptance, consensus and collaboration from all stakeholders by leveraging the human rights framework, which draws on widely recognised standards;
• be more comprehensive than ‘participatory’ approaches, more generally, by including all rights applicable in a certain context;
• provide greater clarity about the nature and scope of all actors’ rights and responsibilities, and thus establish clearer criteria against which to assess the effects and interactions between conservation and human wellbeing;
• increase the capacity and opportunities of both rights holders and duty bearers, including the most vulnerable, to fulfil their entitlements and obligations;
• enhance accountability by linking rights with specific corresponding obligations;
• strengthen understanding of the profound linkages between human and ecosystem wellbeing; and
• engender consideration of conservation and rights interactions at both the broad community level, and the individual and group levels, which can provide a powerful addition to approaches that fail to adequately address inequities and vulnerability within and across communities."

The document concludes with enabling and mitigating factors, scalability and momentum, resolving tough conflicts, required resources and inputs for effective RBAs, sustainability, and governance.

Pambazuka News 443: Links & Resources, Issue 24, July 2009.